(task) Ebola Is Wiping Out the World’s Gorillas - The Daily Beast

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> GREAT APES01.22.15
> Ebola Is Wiping Out the World’s Gorillas
> In just four decades, Ebola has wiped out one third of the world’s chimp and gorilla populations. If it continues, the results will be devastating.
> While coverage of the current Ebola epidemic in West Africa remains centered on the human populations in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia, wildlife experts’ concern is mounting over the virus’ favorite victims: great apes.
>
> Guinea, where the epidemic originated, has the largest population of chimpanzees <http://www.wildchimps.org/wcf/pdf/2014%20Yearly_Activity_Report-2013_eng_27-02-2014_final.pdf> in all of West Africa. Liberia is close behind. Central Africa is home to western lowland gorillas, the largest and most widespread <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_gorilla> of all four species. Due to forest density, the number of those infected is unknown. But with hundreds of thousands of ape casualties from Ebola, it’s doubtful they’ve escaped unscathed.
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> Animal activists are ramping up efforts to find an Ebola vaccine for great apes, but with inadequate international support for human research, their mission could be seen as competing with one to save humans. Experts from the Jane Goodall Institute of Canada <http://www.janegoodall.ca/index.php> insist such apprehension would be misplaced. Two streams of funding—one for humans, one for apes—can coexist in this epidemic, they assert <http://janegoodall.ca/get-involved/ebola-outbreaks-cause-crisis-great-apes-humans/>, and must.
>
> “The media was really focusing on human beings,” Sophie Muset, project manager for JGI, says. “But it has been traumatic to [the great ape] population for many years.”
>
> Over the course of just four decades, Ebola has wiped out one third of the world’s population of chimpanzees and gorillas, which now stand at less than 300,000 and 95,000 respectively.
> The first large-scale “die-offs” due to Ebola began in the late 1990s, and haven’t stopped. Over the course of just four decades, Ebola has wiped out one third of the world’s population of chimpanzees and gorillas, which now stand at less than 300,000 and 95,000 respectively. Both species are now classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature <http://www.iucnredlist.org/>; western gorillas are “critically <http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/9404/0>” so.
>
> One of earliest Ebola “die-offs” of great apes came in 1994, when an Ebola outbreak in Minkébé decimated the region’s entire population <http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/great_apes/gorillas/threats/>—once the second largest in the world. In 2002, an outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo wiped out 95 percent of the region’s gorilla population. And an equally brutal attack broke out in 2006, when Ebola Zaire in Gabon (the same strain as the current outbreak) left an estimated 5,000 gorillas dead <http://www.sciencemag.org/content/314/5805/1564?intcmp=collection-ebola>.
>
> The dwindling population of both species, combined with outside poaching threats, means Ebola poses a very real threat to their existence. To evaluate the damage thus far, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation is conducting population assessments in West Africa, with the goal of getting a rough estimate of how many have died. Given the combined damage that Ebola has inflicted on this population, the results are likely to be troubling.
>
> In a way, great apes are Ebola’s perfect victims. Acutely tactile mammals, their dynamic social environments revolve around intimacy with each other. Touching hands, scratching backs, hugging, kissing, and tickling, they are near constantly intertwined—giving Ebola a free ride.
>
> In a May 2007 study <http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-04/uocp-eok041607.php> from The American Naturalist, researchers studying the interactions between chimpanzees and gorillas found evidence the Ebola can even spread between the social groups. At three different sites in northern Republic of Congo, they found bacteria from gorillas and chimps on the same fruit trees. For a virus that spreads through bodily fluids, this is an ideal scenario.
>
> “They live in groups [and] they are very close,” says Muset, who has worked with chimps on the ground in Uganda and the DRC. “Since Ebola transmission happens through body fluids, it spreads very fast.”
>
> For gorillas in particular, this culture proves deadly, making their mortality rate for this virus closer to  95 percent <http://www.laboratoryequipment.com/news/2015/01/ebola-vaccine-desperately-needed-chimps-gorillas>. But like humans, the corpses of chimpanzees and gorillas remain contagious with Ebola for days. While the chimps and gorillas infected with Ebola will likely die in a matter of days, the virus can live on in their corpse for days—in turn, spreading to humans who eat or touch their meat.
>
> It is one such interaction that could result in the spread from apes to humans. But in this particular outbreak, experts have zeroed in on the fruit bat (believed to be the original carrier) as the source. The index patient, a 2-year-old in Guinea, was reportedly playing on a tree with a fruit bat colony.
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> Whether or not a great ape was involved in the transmission of the virus to humans during this outbreak is unknown. Such an interaction is possible. Interestingly, however, it’s not the risk that great apes with Ebola pose to humans that wildlife experts find most concerning. It’s the risk that their absence poses to the wild.
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> Owing to a diet consisting mostly of fruit, honey, and leaves, gorillas and chimpanzees are crucial to forest life. Inadvertently distributing seeds and pollen throughout the forest, they stimulate biodiversity within it. Without them, the biodiversity of the vegetation may plummet, endangering all of the species that relied on it—and, in turn, the people that relied on them.
>
> “They are not the only ones who act as seed dispersers,” says Muset. “But they are the big players in that field. So when [a die-off] happens, it can decimate an entire forest.”
>
> Wildlife experts worldwide are working <http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/chimps-and-gorillas-desperately-need-ebola-vaccine-too-virus-has-wiped-out-third> to raise both awareness and funds for a vaccination process. It’s a battle that she says was gaining speed last January, when a researcher announced that he had found a vaccine that could work in chimps But as the epidemic in West Africa grew, the focus shifted.
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>
> But Muset says its time to return to the project. “There is a vaccine, but it has never been tested on chimpanzees,” she says. “Progress has been made, and preliminary testing done, but testing in the field need to happen to make it real.”
>
> As to the question of whether it’s ethical to be searching for a vaccine for wild animals when humans are still suffering as well, Muset is honest. “For sure there is a direct competition here. But wildlife and humans have a lot of diseases in common that they can transmit from one to the other,” she says. “And I think you can think of it as two streams of funding, one to wildlife and the other to human beings.”
>
> While it’s great apes that wildlife experts are seeking to save, human nature as a whole, Muset argues, is at stake. “If you want a healthy ecosystem, the more you have to invest in health for wildlife and humans,” she says. “Then, the better place it will be. Because really, it all works together.”
>
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> GAME OF THRONES01.23.15
> King Abdullah: the Middle East’s Failed Peacemaker
> The king succeeded in bringing some stability to Saudi Arabia, but he could do nothing but despair as chaos descended on the rest of the region.
> President George W. Bush held his hand and walked with him through a field of flowers at the ranch in Crawford, Texas. President Barack Obama, when he first met him, performed a courtly bow.
>
> For Saudi Arabia’s aged King Abdullah, whose death was announced in Riyadh early Friday morning, physical gestures of friendship and respect were important, so even American presidents indulged him. He was one of the most powerful men in the world, after all, and he was also one of the easiest to understand.
>
> A former U.S. ambassador to Riyadh described Abdullah as “in many ways a throwback to that desert warrior ethos where men stand by their word, they look each other straight in the eye, they are direct, and they apply a code of honor.”
>
> Abdullah’s daughter, Princess Adelah, once told me, “My father doesn’t have two parallel identities. What you see as a monarch and a ruler is what you see as a father. He is very straightforward, very honest, he hates injustice, and he likes truth.”
>
> But Abdullah was doomed to disappointment. The ambassador remembers that when they were together the king would ask rhetorically, “Where are the men of honor left in the Middle East?” And the answer, clearly, was “none are to be found.”
>
> In recent years Abdullah’s traditional values and attitudes became a source of huge frustration for him. People close to the 90-something king say events seemed to overwhelm him, baffle him, infuriate him. He believed he had made a peace offer to Israel that it could not refuse, and yet it had. He could not accept the news that those who carried out the 9/11 attacks on the United States, the “miscreants” as he called them, were sons of Saudi Arabia. But they were. He had wanted to bring stability to the Middle East, and all he saw was growing chaos.
>
> With his own powers waning (he was said to sleep most of the day) he entrusted some very sensitive issues to that most Machiavellian of Saudi princes, Bandar bin Sultan <http://www.thedailybeast.com/content/dailybeast/articles/2013/11/16/prince-bandar-bin-sultan-saudi-arabia-s-gatsby-master-spy.html>, the former ambassador to Washington who, before he finally was dismissed as intelligence chief last year, achieved results exactly opposite of those intended: Syria fractured amid unconscionable slaughter; the so-called Islamic State grew; Iraq became a Shiite-dominated country on Saudi Arabia’s northern border; and now Yemen, the Kingdom’s poor but strategically vital neighbor, is falling apart on the southern frontier.
>
> That Abdullah was as successful a leader as he proved to be is, in retrospect, surprising.
> Abdullah gave Bandar two important briefs. One was to stop the advance of the Muslim Brotherhood in the region after the Arab Spring. The organization, originally modeled on the communist and fascist parties of the 1920s, promises a sort of theocratic democracy undermining traditional monarchies, and the House of Saud has come to see it as a direct threat. So the Saudis were instrumental supporting Egypt’s Gen. Abdel Fattouh al-Sisi when he overthrew the Brotherhood’s elected government in Cairo in 2013 and then moved to crush the whole organization. But Egypt, now, is in terrible economic condition, and even the Saudi government is said to be tired of writing checks to keep it afloat.
>
> The other major goal for Bandar was to stop the advancing influence and presence of Iran in the region. Riyadh sent troops into little Bahrain to suppress Shiite-led protest there. But every other point of confrontation was a disaster. Most recently the Houthis in Yemen, allegedly with Iranian support, have overthrown the Saudi-backed government there.
>
> In Syria, because Abdullah would not support the traditional Muslim Brotherhood-led opposition, and he vehemently opposed the Iran-allied Assad government, his agents found themselves groping for other groups to carry out a revolution. In the process the Saudis provided support directly or indirectly to fighters that eventually aligned with al Qaeda or, worse still, the newly established “Islamic State” widely known as ISIS or ISIL.
>
> In Iraq, the more pressure Saudi-backed Sunnis put on the Shiite government in Baghdad, the more it leaned on Tehran for support. The polarization that developed also helped open the way for the growth of ISIS on that side of the frontier. And the head of ISIS, having declared himself “caliph,” the leader of all the world’s Muslims, must soon turn his attention toward the Saudi city of Mecca, which is the most holy site in Islam.
>
> When the Obama administration started negotiating seriously with Iran over its nuclear program, with the possibility that at the end of that process there would be a normalization of relations, King Abdullah was said to be furious. Not only was he worried that Washington would let Tehran retain a capacity to make nuclear weapons on short notice (a concern Abdullah shared with Israel), he was concerned that Iran would become, somehow, America’s new best friend in the region, much as it was when the shah was in power in the 1970s.
>
> It will be difficult if not impossible for Abdullah’s chosen successor, 79-year-old King Salman, to pick up all these friable pieces of policy. If the contagion of chaos spreads into Saudi Arabia itself, which might easily happen, the effects will be felt dramatically around the world. The kingdom, as former CIA operative Robert Baer likes to explain, “is the fulcrum that the global economy teeters on.”
>
> To make sense of the critical American relationship with the Saudis, the heritage of Abdullah and the future under Salman, the first thing to understand is that the ties are built entirely on the basic principle of realpolitik, which puts shared interests above all else. Those are the supply of oil, the money it generates, and the stability in the region that allows the oil and money to keep flowing.
>
> For a long time the arithmetic of the realpolitik was simple: Saudi Arabia had about 25 percent of the world’s proven oil supply and the United States accounted for about 25 percent of global demand. The Saudis had so much oil that was so accessible, in fact, that by turning some of their taps on or off they could effectively determine price on the world market, and that is what gave them such enormous power. Politicians in the United States would rail against “importation of foreign oil.” But it didn’t matter where it came from, the Saudis more or less determined what it cost.
>
> Although many in the West still remember the Saudis as leaders of the devastating OPEC oil embargos in the 1970s, for most of the last 30 years they have used their ability to keep the market relatively stable. And several times as crown prince and king, Abdullah used that Saudi power to help out the United States. In the aftermath of 9/11 and the run-up to the invasion of Iraq, huge jumps in the oil price might have been expected. That didn’t happen. The Saudis increased shipments and production to keep the market on an even keel.
>
> In the middle of the last decade, the enormous oil demand from booming Asian economies exceeded the ability of the global market, even the Saudis, to keep up. The resulting vertiginous surge in prices from the $20 a barrel range in 2001 to $100-plus in 2008, contributed to the global economic crisis that erupted that year. But by then Abdullah was investing more than $50 billion to increase Saudi Arabia’s ability to up the flow whenever it wants.
>
> Today, Saudi Arabia controls 85 percent of global spare production capacity. And its decision to keep the pumps open at a time when the United States has also vastly increased production through fracking is what has caused a 50 percent drop in the price of oil over the last few months. Oil producing countries that have big populations and weak economies—Russia, Venezuela and Iran—are in dire straits as a result, which suits U.S. policy goals as well. (The Saudis have $900 billion in foreign reserves, so they are positioned to weather low oil prices for quite some time to come.)
>
> The American side of the bargain with Saudi Arabia was always to offer it a military defense against its enemies, as the United States did in 1990 when Iraq’s Saddam Hussein invaded neighboring Kuwait. And, at least until recently, Riyadh was comfortable in the belief that Washington would protect it from Iran. In the meantime American weapons manufacturers racked up countless billion-dollar contracts.
>
> But apart from the oil-defense nexus, there really is no tie that binds. Forget democracy. Forget human rights. Forget freedom of expression. Forget women’s rights. Those all are laudable objectives, but if, as the Saudi elite seems to believe, they can be used directly or indirectly to challenge the regime, then they are luxuries too costly even for the richest monarchs on earth.
>
> Abdullah’s predecessor, King Fahd, once warned a protégé he was sending to work with the Americans, “We have no cultural connection with them … no ethnic connection to them … no religious connection … no language connection … no political connection.” And anyone arguing today that western-style freedoms will bring long-term stability and prosperity to the Arabian Peninsula will have to explain why the grim fate of those countries that experienced the “Arab Spring” wouldn’t befall the Saudis if they went in that direction.
>
> Inside his country, Abdullah did try to carry out some significant reforms, but he also believed progress had to be slow, and even as an absolute monarch he found he was up against immovable Saudi bureaucracy and tradition. “We have a lot of decrees that are not executed,” his daughter told me during a push for reforms in women’s education. “But the executives of these institutions and the ministers don’t believe in these decrees, so they put them in drawers.”
>
> Under Salman, none of that is likely to change.
>
> That Abdullah was as successful a leader as he proved to be is, in retrospect, surprising. He was born into the crumbling palaces of desert tribes in 1923 (the precise date was not recorded). When he was a boy, his father, Abdelaziz ibn Saud, had not yet finished his desert conquests or founded the nation-state that bears the family name.
>
> As Abdullah grew up, the Saudis’ rule was threatened by the same intolerant fanaticism of their allies’ atavistic Wahhabi “Brotherhood” that had helped bring them to power. The kingdom was threatened constantly by war and rebellion. As an adult Abdullah saw the burgeoning of phenomenal oil wealth and the corrosive effects of spectacular greed—and more fanaticism, more insurrection—including the bloody siege of the Great Mosque in Mecca in 1979.
>
> It was after that bloody battle that Abdullah’s predecessors started trying to export not only their radical faith, but their radicals, to fight in a holy war against the godless Soviet Communists in Afghanistan. From that effort grew the nucleus of the organization that came to be called al Qaeda, while Wahhabi-funded imams and schools indoctrinated young men the world over.
>
> After then-Crown Prince Abdullah heard of the attacks on the United States in 2001, a visitor to the palace found him at prayer. “I am sure our good people did not do these things,” Abdullah said when he had finished, and it took him some time to accept what had happened. It was not until al Qaeda carried out a series of bombings in Saudi Arabia in 2003 that Abdullah turned the full force of his security apparatus against the organization and its sympathizers.
>
> In 2002, Abdullah had tried to set a new course for Saudi and Arab diplomacy, with a plan that offered Israel peace with every nation in the Arab world if it would return to its 1967 borders, accept East Jerusalem as the Palestinian capital, and work out an arrangement to allow the descendants of Palestinian refugees to return to their original homeland or receive compensation. The Israelis found the plan unacceptable.
>
> At the same time, Abdullah had to watch intrigues in his own family. His father, Abdelaziz ibn Saud had left more than 40 recognized sons by several women. When Abdelaziz died in 1953, the succession passed to his son Saud, who was deposed in 1964 by his half brother Faisal, who was murdered years later by a nephew. The crown has never yet passed to the next generation, and will not do so now.
>
> In the 1980s, King Fahd and his brothers Sultan, Nayef and Salman—all sons of the same mother, Hassa bin Ahmed al Sudairi—looked as if they would establish a dynasty within the dynasty. But by then Abdullah, his mother’s only child, was well established as the head of the powerful, and heavily tribal, Saudi National Guard. His power base could not be ignored.
>
> When Fahd suffered a debilitating stroke in 1995, Abdullah became the de facto ruler and when Fahd died in 2005, Abdullah succeeded to the throne. But the Sudairi brothers were positioned to follow him: Sultan as defense minister, Nayef as interior minister, Salman as mayor of Riyadh. Then Sultan died in 2011 and Nayef died in 2012.
>
> For the moment, Salman’s designated successor is his half brother Prince Muqrin who, at 69, is the youngest of the surviving sons of Abdelaziz. We can all speculate about when and how the crown might be passed to the next generation of royals. But, for now, it looks as if the monarchy will endure, at least for a few more years. And, for better or worse, given so many uncertainties in such a strategic part of the world, the United States had better hope that it does.
>
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> Back in 2011, a small group of PepsiCo innovators pioneered a remarkable new product spin on a classic snack—the potato chip—and helped launch what would soon become “the crunch enjoyed around the world.”
>
> Today, their innovation—the deep-ridged potato chip—is sold by PepsiCo brands in more than 20 countries in a variety of flavors created by PepsiCo R&D to satisfy the local tastes of consumers. And like many of PepsiCo’s product innovations, deep-ridged chips are helping drive company growth. In fact, PepsiCo had nine of the top 50 new food and beverage product introductions across all measured U.S. retail channels in 2013, with innovation as a percentage of net revenue growing to 9 percent the same year.
>
> Deep ridged began as a marketing project; as part of PepsiCo’s Frito-Lay division’s relentless pursuit of staying on top of consumer preferences. In this case, the focus was on young men—a core potato chip customer. The effort soon went beyond simple taste to a deeper understanding of how consumers interacted with products, and how texture, aroma, taste and convenience helped drive satisfaction. And what “dudes” wanted, the company realized through focus groups and consumer surveys, was a heartier chip.
>
> This presented a challenge that was as much an engineering one as it was a culinary one. “The question was, how do we design a heartier chip, while keeping it thin?” noted Keith Barber, director at PepsiCo’s Frito-Lay North America Research and Development.
>
> Rather than make the chips thicker, they hit upon the idea of giving snackers a more three-dimensional experience by making chips with a more pronounced corrugation pattern—with ridges twice as deep as the typical Ruffles chip. But that was easier said than done. The equipment to make chips with deeper ridges and varying angles did not exist.
>
> Cutting blades to slice chips evenly and without cracking, and the mechanism that feeds them in proper alignment with the blade, had to be designed and developed by PepsiCo’s research and development teams. These were no small challenges. Things like the “bending stress” of a potato and “blade tip geometry” were contemplated. “They approached the problem differently and drove deep fundamental understanding of the mechanical dynamics of potato slicing,” said Kevin O’Sullivan, vice president of PepsiCo Advanced Research.
>
> The new chip design had to be compatible with existing cooking equipment to ensure they could be made in sufficient quantities and to PepsiCo’s high-quality consumer standards. Chips also had to maintain their structural integrity during the cooking process.
>
> The first concept chips, which were made with a slicer designed to produce french fries, cracked, compressed, and didn’t hold up well when cooked. “They were irregular, had sharp peaks and could not be used for consumer testing,” said Barber.
>
> So instead of using the french fry slicer to create chips for consumer design testing, the team first computer modeled the chip. Then 3-D printing technology was used to create more than two-dozen optimal potato chip prototypes – with varying degrees of waviness and thickness. These chips were then tested for their design, look and feel with focus groups. Based on that feedback, the team then produced nine different prototypes using a vegetable slicer with specially designed cutting blades, and tested them with consumers. “These chips resulted in some of the highest consumer response scores that we had seen in decades,” said Barber.
>
> To create flexibility within PepsiCo’s manufacturing global infrastructure, R&D engineers designed a new innovative blade that would fit existing manufacturing equipment and produce chips to exacting standards. New blades were designed, tested and tweaked in conjunction with our blade manufacturer; chip manufacturing equipment was modified; and chip designs, such as peak rounding to reduce compression during cooking, were optimized.
>
>
> Deep-ridged potato chips sold by PepsiCo brands in more than 20 Countries (PepsiCo)
> The Deep Ridged Team took a newly designed slicing blade to the Frito-Lay chip manufacturing facility in Denver, Colo., for full-scale testing and to resolve any potential remaining technical challenges. The equipment performed well and today is available exclusively for use by PepsiCo for deep-ridged potato chips.
>
> In 2012, the new chips were rolled out as Ruffles Ultimate in the United States in the spring.
>
> Of course, deep innovations translate into greater revenue if they can go to global markets effectively and tailor products to local tastes when doing so.
>
> “As a global food and beverage company with consumers in virtually every corner of the world, we appreciate and understand the importance of locally relevant tastes, flavors and ingredients in the development of our snacks and beverages,” said Dr. Mehmood Khan, PepsiCo executive vice president for Research and Development and chief scientific officer. “Our focus is on the consumer. The job of R&D as innovators is to translate what consumers want into something that is real, authentic-tasting and truly locally relevant.
>
> “The development of the deep-ridged chip produced a new chassis upon which many new flavor variations can be built by PepsiCo teams across the globe to satisfy regional taste preferences,” said Dr. Khan. “It’s the perfect intersection between our global and local focus—or ‘glo-cal’ as we call it.”
>
> PepsiCo chefs, in the company’s worldwide network of innovation centers, are experts on regional cuisines. In their culinology kitchens, they create the gold standard for new regional flavors, which are used to produce new deep-ridged chip flavors. “Rather than recreating the wheel—or in this case, the potato chip—this approach allows us to quickly and efficiently deliver new, regionally relevant deep-ridged products to key markets.”
>
> So the company set about bringing its deeper chips to a worldwide public.
>
> In the fall of 2012, they were introduced to the United Kingdom under the Walkers brand, with cheddar and onion, salt and vinegar, and ready salted flavors. By the spring of 2014, the deep-ridged chips had entered 14 countries—in North America, Europe, and Asia. (In Spain, Lay’s XTRA ONDULADAS Sal potato chips was one of the most successful Spanish product innovations launched in 2013 in the consumer goods sector, according to a report published by Kantar Worldpanel, a consumer insights and research organization.)
>
> Latin America was also chosen as a deep-ridged growth area as well. In the summer of 2014, Pepsi’s marketing teams created a large integrated campaign <http://www.fdbusiness.com/2014/03/lays-to-launch-biggest-ever-global-integrated-marketing-campaign/> for Lay’s and Pepsi products, anchored by Lionel Messi, the iconic Argentina soccer star, which included deep-ridged chips. The ads helped back the entry of the chips into Brazil, Ecuador, and Colombia.
>
> Today, the deep-ridged chips are available in more than 20 countries. Four additional countries, including China and India, plan to launch deep-ridged products in 2015. “Our success has created a tremendous demand for deep-ridged production technologies within PepsiCo regional business units,” said Dr. Khan. “The excitement for the product’s growth potential literally meant some R&D associates were jumping on planes to hand deliver the new proprietary slicers to our facilities around the world.”
>
> Another vital way to expand the pie is to collaborate with industry partners. As part of a larger partnership struck in December 2013 with Buffalo Wild Wings, the wildly popular wings restaurant, the companies agreed that Pepsi would become the chain’s main beverage supplier and the two companies would work together to bring new products to market. As a result, Lay’s, in March 2014, introduced <http://live.pepsico.com/live/story/ruffles-gets-hot-and-spicy-with-buffalo-wild-wings030420141358>Ruffles Deep Ridged Classic Hot Wing flavored potato chips.
>
> Of course, beyond tasting good, these chips are perfect for dipping in your favorite dip. They’re also platforms for helping to drive topline growth via PepsiCo’s R&D product and engineering innovation leadership and capabilities. Two U.S. patents related to the chip’s ornamental design have already been granted. Other patents are pending in the United States and other countries for cutting and slicing equipment and the chip’s texture, which takes into account its hardness ratio or crunchiness.
>
> This content is partner content, and was not necessarily written or created by The Daily Beast editorial team.
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> <>
> I CAN SEE CHICKEN FROM MY BACKYARD01.23.15
> The Keystone Bill's Most Hilarious Amendment: Protecting Chicken, Alaska
> The new Senator from the Klondike is making sure that nobody—not even the Environmental Protection Agency—tries to bully Alaska's scrappiest town.
> Sen. Dan Sullivan’s (R-Alaska) first amendment as a lawmaker sent a clear message to the federal government: Nobody messes with Chicken, Alaska. Nobody.
>
> Sullivan's amendment to the Keystone XL Pipeline bill—expected to be voted as soon as Monday— bars officials from Environmental Protection Agency from carrying guns, a direct result of a "raid" conducted in a tiny gold mining town in 2013. A town called Chicken.
>
> “Over the last several years, the EPA’s criminal enforcement arm has engaged in reckless and intrusive practices—including the 2013 raid of placer miners in Chicken, Alaska,” said Sullivan in a statement. “With the ever expanding jurisdiction of the EPA under this Administration, this amendment would provide a check on the EPA—which hasn’t always had the authority to carry firearms.”
>
> Here's how the raid in Chicken went down, according to <http://media.wix.com/ugd/81895b_ad1aac4df416472c81f3768b19a3e5c3.pdf> local press reports and a special counsel's report commissioned by then-Alaska Governor Sean Parnell (R):
>
> In August 2013, Chicken was inhabited by less than 80 miners (Sullivan’s statement says 17), eking out a hardscrabble living in the hopes of one day striking it rich.
>
> The feds were there to investigate possible violations of the Clean Water Act and they meant business.
> "From the appearance of their equipment and facilities, they are hardly getting rich," the special counsel's report notes. "In spite of their conditions, they appear committed to hard work and eternal optimism that just around the corner, a vein of gold is waiting for them to discover."
>
> That was until the nine miners—or roughly 11 percent of the population—were visited by ten armed "criminal law enforcement officials"representing the EPA, the Bureau of Land Management and the Department of Environmental Conservation, according to the report.
>
> The feds were there to investigate possible violations of the Clean Water Act and they meant business.
>
> In addition to the guns, they brought military helicopters, wore body armor and donned jackets with the word "police" on them, according to local report.
>
> They scared the people of Chicken.
>
> In the aftermath, complaints were made, the Congressional delegation was briefed, the governor commissioned a special report.
>
> But while the report faulted the federal government conducting a criminal investigation with "scant evidence," it said federal government officials didn't break any laws or cross any lines with in their interactions with the miners.
>
>
> There was no justice for Chicken.
>
>
> Until now.
>
>
> For its part, the EPA said in a statement that their special agents “like any law enforcement official, carry firearms as part of their assigned equipment.”
>
>
> “These officials receive training and follow the same rules and regulations as other law enforcement officials,” the statement said. “Their work involves the potential for confrontation, and to remove this basic law enforcement tool from the hands of EPA agents could put the safety of the officers—and the public—at risk.”
>
> SHARE <>TWEET <https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=http%3A%2F%2Fthebea.st%2F1GGmiyF&via=JFKucinich&related=thedailybeast%3AThe%20Daily%20Beast&text=The%20Keystone%20Bill's%20Most%20Hilarious%20Amendment%3A%20Protecting%20Chicken%2C%20Alaska&counturl=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/01/23/the-keystone-bill-s-most-hilarious-amendment-protecting-chicken-alaska.html>POST <>EMAIL <mailto:?subject=The%20Keystone%20Bill's%20Most%20Hilarious%20Amendment%3A%20Protecting%20Chicken%2C%20Alaska%20-%20The%20Daily%20Beast&body=%0D%0Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fthebea.st%2F1GGmj5C%0D%0A%0D%0AThe%20Keystone%20Bill's%20Most%20Hilarious%20Amendment%3A%20Protecting%20Chicken%2C%20Alaska%0D%0A%0D%0AThe%20new%20Senator%20from%20the%20Klondike%20is%20making%20sure%20that%20nobody%E2%80%94not%20even%20the%20Environmental%20Protection%20Agency%E2%80%94tries%20to%20bully%20Alaska's%20scrappiest%20town.%20>0COMMENTS
>
> STR New/Reuters
> <http://www.thedailybeast.com/contributors/nico-hines.html>
> Nico Hines  <http://www.thedailybeast.com/contributors/nico-hines.html> <https://twitter.com/intent/follow?original_referer=/contributors/nico-hines.html&region=follow_link&screen_name=nicohines&tw_p=followbutton&variant=2.0>
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> <>
> REVEALED01.23.15
> Thatcher Protégé Leon Brittan Was a Pedophile Suspect
> Leon Brittan, the former Home Secretary, was long accused of covering up a Westminster child-sex ring. Now that he’s died, authorities say he was a suspect as well.
> LONDON — One of Margaret Thatcher’s most senior ministers died Thursday amid a swirl of accusations that he was personally involved in the abuse of children and the subsequent coverup of a Westminster pedophile ring.
>
> Lord Leon Brittan, who was appointed Home Secretary in 1983, always denied the allegations, some of which can be published for the first time now that he has died. Police sources also confirm that at the time of his death, he was being investigated over allegations that he had raped a woman as a young man. Brittan died in his sleep at home with his family at the age of 75. He had suffered from cancer and heart problems.
>
> A former children’s charity worker claimed two years ago that police had seized a list of pedophiles who operated at a gay-friendly hotel in West London, called the Elm Guest House. The handwritten list, which included Brittan’s name among celebrities, politicians, and intelligence agents, has been an open secret among abuse survivors and investigators, but the mainstream media refrained from naming the former minister for fear of a defamation lawsuit.
>
> There have also been claims, published without Brittan’s name <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10944652/Tory-MP-allegedly-found-with-child-porn-in-1980s-faced-no-charges-police-told.html>, that a senior Tory minister was stopped by customs officials at Dover and found to be carrying sex-abuse videos of children “clearly under the age of 12.” A former customs official reportedly told detectives that he had passed the evidence to police at the time, but nothing had come of their investigation.
>
> No charges were ever filed against Brittan and none of the accusations have been tested in a court of law; it has even been suggested that he was deliberately smeared in the early 1980s by MI5 agents, who were angry at his plans to “shake up” the intelligence services. David Mellor, another of Thatcher’s cabinet ministers, said there was no truth in any of the allegations. “I’m especially sad he died after he was subjected to unwarranted criticism and innuendo,” he said. “It is sad for me that he’s died while that was uppermost in his mind. It’s a terrible way for a tremendous man to go.”
>
> Brittan was widely considered to have been one of most brilliant political minds of his generation and he was elevated to Home Secretary at the age of 41, making him the youngest holder of that prestigious post since Winston Churchill. He was forced out of the job after two years amid a political scandal, but recent claims about his conduct in office cast a far greater shadow over his career.
>
> The scale of the allegations has shocked the country, but speculation about Brittan was not new.
> An investigation was ordered last year after claims that a dossier containing the names of prominent VIP pedophiles, including politicians, had been covered up by Brittan. The file, alleging the existence of a Westminster child-sex ring, was handed to the Home Secretary in 1983 by Tory MP Geoffrey Dickens.
>
> The file subsequently disappeared from the Home Office— whether the allegations were ever properly examined and what happened to the dossier are two of the questions to be investigated by the Independent Panel Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse, which was established last year. The panel has been mired in controversy since its inception. Fiona Woolf, a lawyer and former lord mayor of London, became the second chair of the inquiry to step down before the panel got to work when it emerged that she was close friends with Brittan’s wife.
>
> The panel, which may be replaced by a more formal judicial inquiry, has a wide remit to study allegations that sexual abuse was allowed to continue at the heart of the British establishment with impunity. A parallel police investigation is also underway to examine allegations of historic sex abuse and murder. <http://www.thedailybeast.com/content/dailybeast/articles/2014/12/18/victim-i-watched-british-mps-sexually-abuse-murder-young-boys.html> <http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/18/victim-i-watched-british-mps-sexually-abuse-murder-young-boys.html>Scotland Yard detectives said late last year that they believed allegations that teenage boys were raped, assaulted, and even murdered at “sex parties” attended by senior MPs and intelligence officials.
>
> The scale of the allegations has shocked the country, but speculation about Brittan was not new. His name was first published in association with a sex scandal in 1984. Westminster was abuzz with talk of “the most damaging government sex scandal of the century.” On several occasions, MPs believed details were going to be published in the upcoming Sunday newspapers.
>
> In the end, it was left to Private Eye, a scurrilous political magazine that made its name by testing the limits of Britain’s libel laws. It ran a story announcing that the man at the center of these rumors was none other than Leon Brittan, the Home Secretary, but after a long investigation it claimed that there was no truth to the salacious accusations.
>
> Private Eye concluded that the allegations were circulated by MI5 officers who were furious about his plans to reform the intelligence agency after the Libyan Embassy siege in London in 1984. They also claimed that an anti-Semitic element had helped to promulgate the rumors through Fleet Street. “The MI5 spooks and loonies who object to having a Jewish Home Secretary… [have] retaliated by resurrecting the Brittan smear and spreading it around the Street of Shame,” the magazine wrote.
>
> The Daily Mail’s Guy Adams has re-examined these claims in recent months, and just as the celebrated investigative journalist Paul Foot, and the News of the World found at the time, he has concluded that there is no clear evidence of Brittan committing any crime.
>
> Scotland Yard confirmed last night that officers were still investigating an allegation from a woman who said she was raped by Brittan in 1967. Brittan, who was appointed to the House of Lords in 2000, was interviewed under caution last year, but not charged.
>
> Labour MP Simon Danczuk, who has led the recent campaign to re-examine allegations of a Westminster pedophile ring, said Brittan’s death was a blow to those who wanted to uncover the truth.
>
> “Firstly, I’d like to offer my ­condolences to Sir Leon’s family for their loss. However, his untimely death is also a loss to the inquiry that the Home Secretary ordered into establishment child abuse.” he said in a statement Thursday. “Sir Leon is someone who should have faced questions and been compelled to give evidence over his role as Home Secretary in the 1980s when a dossier containing allegations of ­establishment child abuse was handed to him.
>
> “It’s fair to say that a cloud has hung over him for a long time.”
>
> Alison Millar, a lawyer for the firm Leigh Day, which is representing some of the alleged victims of abuse, said: “Our clients will be disappointed that Leon Brittan, as a witness at the center of the issues the inquiry is to examine, is not able to answer questions about what he knew about alle
>
> SHARE <>TWEET <https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=http%3A%2F%2Fthebea.st%2F1GGSOR8&via=nicohines&related=thedailybeast%3AThe%20Daily%20Beast&text=Thatcher%20Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9%20Leon%20Brittan%20Was%20a%20Pedophile%20Suspect&counturl=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/01/23/pedophile-claims-against-leon-brittan-thatcher-s-prot-g.html>POST <>EMAIL <mailto:?subject=Thatcher%20Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9%20Leon%20Brittan%20Was%20a%20Pedophile%20Suspect%20-%20The%20Daily%20Beast&body=%0D%0Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fthebea.st%2F1GGSP7N%0D%0A%0D%0AThatcher%20Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9%20Leon%20Brittan%20Was%20a%20Pedophile%20Suspect%0D%0A%0D%0ALeon%20Brittan%2C%20the%20former%20Home%20Secretary%2C%20was%20long%20accused%20of%20covering%20up%20a%20Westminster%20child-sex%20ring.%20Now%20that%20he%E2%80%99s%20died%2C%20authorities%20say%20he%20was%20a%20suspect%20as%20well.>3COMMENTS
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> Ebola Is Wiping Out The World’s Gorillas
> by Abby Haglage
> <http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/01/22/ebola-is-wiping-out-the-world-s-gorillas.html>King Abdullah: The Failed Peacemaker
> by Christopher Dickey
> <http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/01/23/king-abdullah-the-middle-east-s-failed-peacemaker.html>The Crunch Enjoyed Around The World
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