(task) Multidimensional Poverty Index - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

GRS USRS

4 FAQ

How can we measure the contributors to vulnerability and resilience in relation to poverty?

> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index>
>
> Multidimensional Poverty Index
>
> The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was developed in 2010 by Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative </wiki/Oxford_Poverty_%26_Human_Development_Initiative> and the United Nations Development Programme </wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme>[1] and uses different factors to determine poverty beyond income-based lists. It replaced the previous Human Poverty Index </wiki/Human_Poverty_Index>. The global MPI is released annually by OPHI and the results published on its website <http://www.ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/>.
>
> The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an international measure of acute poverty covering over 100 developing countries. It complements traditional income-based poverty measures by capturing the severe deprivations that each person faces at the same time with respect to education, health and living standards. The MPI assesses poverty at the individual level. If someone is deprived in a third or more of ten (weighted) indicators, the global index identifies them as ‘MPI poor’, and the extent – or intensity – of their poverty is measured by the number of deprivations they are experiencing. The MPI can be used to create a comprehensive picture of people living in poverty, and permits comparisons both across countries, regions and the world and within countries by ethnic group, urban/rural location, as well as other key household and community characteristics.
>
> This makes it invaluable as an analytical tool <http://www.ophi.org.uk/policy/multidimensional-poverty-index/> to identify the most vulnerable people - the poorest among the poor, revealing poverty patterns within countries and over time, enabling policy makers to target resources and design policies more effectively.
>
> Indicators
>
> The index uses the same three dimensions as the Human Development Index </wiki/Human_Development_Index>: health, education, and standard of living. These are measured using ten indicators.
>
> Each dimension and each indicator within a dimension is equally weighted.
>
> Calculation of the index
>
> Formula
>
> The MPI is calculated as follows:[2]
>
>
> H: Percentage of people who are MPI poor (incidence of poverty)
> A: Average intensity of MPI poverty across the poor (%)
>
> Indicators used
>
> The following ten indicators are used to calculate the MPI:[3]
>
> Education (each indicator is weighted equally at 1/6)
> Health (each indicator is weighted equally at 1/6)
> Standard of Living (each indicator is weighted equally at 1/18)
> A person is considered poor if they are deprived in at least a third of the weighted indicators. The intensity of poverty denotes the proportion of indicators in which they are deprived.
>
> Real example
>
> Niger:[4]
>
> MPI = 0.642
> H = 0.927
> A = 0.693
> In Niger, 92.7% of the country's population is MPI poor (they are deprived in at least 33.33% of the weighted indicators, by definition). Those who are MPI poor suffer from deprivation in 69.3% of indicators, on average.
>
> Fictional example
>
> Country X consists of persons A, B and C. The following table shows the deprivation on each of the 10 indicators for persons A, B and C.
>
> "0%" indicates no deprivation in that indicator, while "100%" indicates deprivation in that indicator.
>
> Indicator Weight Person A Person B Person C
> 1 1/6 0% 0% 0%
> 2 1/6 0% 0% 0%
> 3 1/6 100% 100% 0%
> 4 1/6 0% 100% 0%
> 5 1/18 0% 100% 100%
> 6 1/18 0% 100% 100%
> 7 1/18 0% 0% 100%
> 8 1/18 100% 100% 100%
> 9 1/18 100% 0% 100%
> 10 1/18 100% 0% 0%
> Weighted score 33.33% 50.00% 27.78%
> Status MPI poor (≥ 33%) MPI poor (≥ 33%) Not MPI poor (< 33%)
> Factor H for country X is:
>
>
> Factor A for country X is:
>
>
> Thus, the MPI for country X is:
>
>
> Evaluation of MPI as a poverty Indicator
>
> The MPI constitutes a sincere effort towards expansion as well as simplification of poverty estimation.
>
> Comparison with HDI
>
> HDI, the Human Development Index, was developed by Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen, in 1990, and was also developed by the UNDP. It is calculated as the geometric mean of the normalized indices of the three dimensions of human development it takes into account: health, education and standard of living. The UNDP is trying to improve on the HDI formula by introducing the IHDI (Inequality affected HDI).
>
>
> While both HDI and MPI use the 3 broad dimensions health, education and standard of living, HDI uses only single indicators for each dimension of poverty while MPI uses more than one indicator for each one. This, amongst other reasons, has led to the MPI only being calculated for 104 countries, where data is available for all these diverse indicators, while HDI is calculated for almost all countries.
>
> However, though HDI is thus more universally applicable, its relative sparsity of indicators also makes it more susceptible to bias. Indeed some studies have found it to be somewhat biased towards GDP per capita, as demonstrated by a high correlation between HDI and the log of GDPpc. Hence, HDI has been criticized for ignoring other development parameters.
>
> Comparison with other indicators
>
> Both HDI and MPI have been criticized by economists such as Ratan Lal Basu for not taking "moral/emotional/spiritual dimensions" of poverty into consideration. It has been attempted to capture these additional factors by the "Global Happiness Index" in which a country like Bhutan (which has dismal performance on other indicators) has been ranked no. 1.
>
> MPI in some developing countries
>
> Country MPI % of People
> who are
> MPI Poor Average
> Intensity of
> MPI Poverty Number of MPI
> Poor People
> (thousands) Year % of People who
> are Income Poor
> ($1.25/day) % of People who
> are Income Poor
> ($2.00/day) Year
> Albania </wiki/Albania> 0.005 1.4 37.7 45 2009 0.6 4.3 2008
> Angola </wiki/Angola> 0.452 77.4 58.4 11,136 2001 54.3 70.2 2000
> Argentina </wiki/Argentina> 0.011 3.0 37.7 1,160 2005 0.9 2.4 2009
> Armenia </wiki/Armenia> 0.004 1.1 36.2 34 2005 1.3 12.4 2008
> Azerbaijan </wiki/Azerbaijan> 0.021 5.3 39.4 461 2006 1.0 7.8 2008
> Bangladesh </wiki/Bangladesh> 0.292 57.8 50.4 83,207 2007 49.6 81.3 2005
> Belarus </wiki/Belarus> 0.000 0.0 35.1 0 2005 0.1 0.2 2008
> Belize </wiki/Belize> 0.024 5.6 42.6 16 2006 12.4 24.5 1999
> Benin </wiki/Benin> 0.412 71.8 57.4 5,652 2006 47.3 75.3 2003
> Bhutan </wiki/Bhutan> 0.119 27.2 43.9 197 2010 26.2 49.5 2003
> Bolivia </wiki/Bolivia> 0.089 20.5 43.7 1,972 2008 13.6 25.1 2007
> Bosnia and Herzegovina </wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina> 0.003 0.8 37.2 30 2006 0.0 0.2 2007
> Brazil </wiki/Brazil> 0.011 2.7 39.3 5,075 2006 3.8 9.9 2009
> Burkina Faso </wiki/Burkina_Faso> 0.536 82.6 64.9 12,078 2006 56.5 81.2 2003
> Burundi </wiki/Burundi> 0.530 84.5 62.7 6,127 2005 81.3 93.5 2006
> Cambodia </wiki/Cambodia> 0.251 52.0 48.4 6,946 2005 28.3 56.5 2007
> Cameroon </wiki/Cameroon> 0.287 53.3 53.9 9,149 2004 9.6 30.4 2007
> Central African Republic </wiki/Central_African_Republic> 0.512 86.4 59.3 3,199 2000 62.8 80.1 2008
> Chad </wiki/Chad> 0.344 62.9 54.7 5,758 2003 61.9 83.3 2003
> China </wiki/China> 0.056 12.5 44.9 161,675 2003 15.9 36.3 2005
> Colombia </wiki/Colombia> 0.022 5.4 40.9 2,500 2010 16.0 27.9 2006
> Comoros </wiki/Comoros> 0.408 73.9 55.2 415 2000 46.1 65.0 2004
> Cote d'Ivoire </wiki/Ivory_Coast> 0.353 61.5 57.4 11,083 2005 23.8 46.3 2008
> Croatia </wiki/Croatia> 0.016 4.4 36.3 196 2003 0.1 0.1 2008
> Czech Republic </wiki/Czech_Republic> 0.010 3.1 33.4 316 2003 0.1 0.2 1996
> Djibouti </wiki/Djibouti> 0.139 29.3 47.3 241 2006 18.8 41.2 2002
> Dominican Republic </wiki/Dominican_Republic> 0.018 4.6 39.4 438 2007 4.3 13.6 2007
> Congo, Democratic Republic of the </wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo> 0.393 73.2 53.7 44,485 2007 59.2 79.6 2006
> Ecuador </wiki/Ecuador> 0.009 2.2 41.6 286 2003 4.4 13.6 2009
> Egypt </wiki/Egypt> 0.024 6.0 40.7 4,699 2008 2.0 18.5 2005
> Estonia </wiki/Estonia> 0.026 7.2 36.5 97 2003 0.5 1.5 2004
> Ethiopia </wiki/Ethiopia> 0.562 88.6 63.5 65,798 2005 39.0 77.6 2005
> Gabon </wiki/Gabon> 0.161 35.4 45.5 437 2000 4.8 19.6 2005
> Gambia </wiki/The_Gambia> 0.324 60.4 53.6 934 2006 34.3 56.7 2003
> Georgia </wiki/Georgia_(country)> 0.003 0.8 35.2 36 2005 15.3 32.2 2008
> Ghana </wiki/Ghana> 0.144 31.2 46.2 7,258 2008 30.0 53.6 2006
> Guatemala </wiki/Guatemala> 0.127 25.9 49.1 3,134 2003 11.7 24.3 2006
> Guinea </wiki/Guinea> 0.506 82.5 61.3 7,459 2005 43.3 69.6 2007
> Guyana </wiki/Guyana> 0.053 13.4 39.5 100 2005 8.7 18.0 1998
> Haiti </wiki/Haiti> 0.299 56.4 53.0 5,346 2006 54.9 72.2 2001
> Honduras </wiki/Honduras> 0.159 32.5 48.9 2,281 2006 23.3 35.4 2007
> Hungary </wiki/Hungary> 0.016 4.6 34.3 466 2003 0.2 0.4 2007
> India </wiki/India> 0.283 53.7 52.7 612,203 2005 41.6 75.6 2005
> Indonesia </wiki/Indonesia> 0.095 20.8 45.9 48,352 2007 18.7 50.6 2009
> Iraq </wiki/Iraq> 0.059 14.2 41.3 3,996 2006 4.0 25.3 2007
> Jordan </wiki/Jordan> 0.008 2.4 34.4 145 2009 0.4 3.5 2006
> Kazakhstan </wiki/Kazakhstan> 0.002 0.6 36.9 92 2006 0.2 1.5 2007
> Kenya </wiki/Kenya> 0.229 47.8 48.0 18,863 2009 19.7 39.9 2005
> Kyrgyzstan </wiki/Kyrgyzstan> 0.019 4.9 38.8 249 2006 1.9 29.4 2007
> Laos </wiki/Laos> 0.267 47.2 56.5 2,757 2006 33.9 66.0 2008
> Latvia </wiki/Latvia> 0.006 1.6 37.9 37 2003 0.3 1.0 2004
> Lesotho </wiki/Lesotho> 0.156 35.3 44.1 759 2009 43.4 62.3 2003
> Liberia </wiki/Liberia> 0.485 83.9 57.7 2,917 2007 83.7 94.8 2007
> Macedonia </wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia> 0.008 1.9 40.9 39 2005 0.3 4.3 2008
> Madagascar </wiki/Madagascar> 0.357 66.9 53.3 13,463 2009 67.8 89.6 2005
> Malawi </wiki/Malawi> 0.381 72.1 52.8 8,993 2004 73.9 90.5 2004
> Maldives </wiki/Maldives> 0.018 5.2 35.6 16 2009 1.5 12.2 2004
> Mali </wiki/Mali> 0.558 86.6 64.4 11,772 2006 51.4 77.1 2006
> Mauritania </wiki/Mauritania> 0.352 61.7 57.1 1,982 2007 21.2 44.1 2000
> Mexico </wiki/Mexico> 0.015 4.0 38.9 4,313 2006 1.8 8.6 2008
> Moldova </wiki/Moldova> 0.007 1.9 36.7 72 2005 1.9 12.5 2008
> Mongolia </wiki/Mongolia> 0.065 15.8 41.0 402 2005 22.4 49.1 2005
> Montenegro </wiki/Montenegro> 0.006 1.5 41.6 9 2005 0.1 0.2 2008
> Morocco </wiki/Morocco> 0.048 10.6 45.3 3,287 2007 2.5 14.0 2007
> Mozambique </wiki/Mozambique> 0.512 79.3 64.6 18,127 2009 59.6 81.8 2008
> Burma </wiki/Burma> 0.154 31.8 48.3 14,297 2000
> Namibia </wiki/Namibia> 0.187 39.6 47.2 855 2007 49.1 62.2 1993
> Nepal </wiki/Nepal> 0.350 64.7 54.0 18,009 2006 24.82 57.25 2010
> Nicaragua </wiki/Nicaragua> 0.128 28.0 45.7 1,538 2006 15.8 31.9 2005
> Niger </wiki/Niger> 0.642 92.4 69.4 12,437 2006 43.1 75.9 2007
> Nigeria </wiki/Nigeria> 0.310 54.1 57.3 81,510 2008 64.4 83.9 2004
> Occupied Palestinian Territories </wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority> 0.005 1.4 37.3 52 2007
> Pakistan </wiki/Pakistan> 0.264 49.4 53.4 81,236 2007 22.6 61.0 2006
> Paraguay </wiki/Paraguay> 0.064 13.3 48.5 755 2003 5.1 13.2 2008
> Peru </wiki/Peru> 0.086 19.9 43.2 5,421 2004 5.9 14.7 2009
> Philippines </wiki/Philippines> 0.064 13.4 47.4 12,083 2008 22.6 45.0 2006
> Congo, Republic of the </wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo> 0.208 40.6 51.2 1,600 2009 54.1 74.4 2005
> Russia </wiki/Russia> 0.005 1.3 38.9 1,883 2003 0.0 0.1 2008
> Rwanda </wiki/Rwanda> 0.426 80.2 53.2 7,380 2005 76.8 89.6 2005
> São Tomé and Príncipe </wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe> 0.154 34.5 44.7 56 2009 29.7 55.9 2001
> Senegal </wiki/Senegal> 0.384 66.9 57.4 7,273 2005 33.5 60.4 2005
> Serbia </wiki/Serbia> 0.003 0.8 40.0 79 2005 0.1 0.7 2008
> Sierra Leone </wiki/Sierra_Leone> 0.439 77.0 57.0 4,321 2008 53.4 76.1 2003
> Slovakia </wiki/Slovakia> 0.000 0.0 0.0 0 2003 0.3 1.4 1996
> Somalia </wiki/Somalia> 0.514 81.2 63.3 6,940 2006
> South Africa </wiki/South_Africa> 0.057 13.4 42.3 6,609 2008 17.4 35.7 2006
> Sri Lanka </wiki/Sri_Lanka> 0.021 5.3 38.7 1,027 2003 7.0 29.1 2007
> Suriname </wiki/Suriname> 0.039 8.2 47.2 41 2006 15.5 27.2 1999
> Swaziland </wiki/Swaziland> 0.184 41.4 44.5 469 2007 62.9 81.0 2001
> Syria </wiki/Syria> 0.021 5.5 37.5 1,041 2006 1.7 16.9 2004
> Tajikistan </wiki/Tajikistan> 0.068 17.1 40.0 1,103 2005 21.5 50.9 2004
> Tanzania </wiki/Tanzania> 0.367 65.2 56.3 27,559 2008 67.9 87.9 2007
> Thailand </wiki/Thailand> 0.006 1.6 38.5 1,067 2005 0.4 11.5 2004
> East Timor </wiki/East_Timor> 0.360 68.1 52.9 749 2009 37.4 72.8 2007
> Togo </wiki/Togo> 0.284 54.3 52.4 3,003 2006 38.7 69.3 2006
> Trinidad and Tobago </wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago> 0.020 5.6 35.1 74 2006 4.2 13.5 1992
> Tunisia </wiki/Tunisia> 0.010 2.8 37.1 272 2003 2.6 12.8 2000
> Turkey </wiki/Turkey> 0.028 6.6 42.0 4,378 2003 2.7 9.1 2005
> Uganda </wiki/Uganda> 0.367 72.3 50.7 21,235 2006 37.7 64.5 2009
> Ukraine </wiki/Ukraine> 0.008 2.2 35.5 1,018 2007 0.0 0.1 2008
> United Arab Emirates </wiki/United_Arab_Emirates> 0.002 0.6 35.3 20 2003
> Uruguay </wiki/Uruguay> 0.006 1.7 34.7 56 2003 0.0 0.2 2009
> Uzbekistan </wiki/Uzbekistan> 0.008 2.3 36.2 603 2006 46.3 76.7 2003
> Vanuatu </wiki/Vanuatu> 0.129 30.1 42.7 67 2007
> Vietnam </wiki/Vietnam> 0.084 17.7 47.2 14,249 2002 13.1 38.5 2008
> Yemen </wiki/Yemen> 0.283 52.5 53.9 11,176 2006 17.5 46.6 2005
> Zambia </wiki/Zambia> 0.328 64.2 51.2 7,739 2007 64.3 81.5 2004
> Zimbabwe </wiki/Zimbabwe> 0.180 39.7 45.3 4,974 2006
> Source: Alkire, S. Roche, JM. Santos, ME. and Seth, S (November 2011) http://ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk <http://ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk/> . Multidimensional Poverty Index: 2011 Data. Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative. Available at: www.ophi.org.uk/policy/multidimensional-poverty-index/.
>
> See also
>
> Human Development Index </wiki/Human_Development_Index>
> References